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Two main challenges related to water are affecting the sustainability of human urban settlements: the lack of access to safe water and sanitation, and increasing water-related disasters such as floods and droughts. In this activity, students consider how the availability of water as a resource has impacted development in the United States or elsewhere, drawing on geography and history. Introduction: Students will gain an understanding for why people settle in certain locations and what geographical features lead to the development of civilizations. This two-day lesson focuses on water (fresh water in particular) as an essential resource. Modern civil engineers have constructed water infrastructure to extend human settlements into regions previously uninhabitable, innovating and achieving engineering feats unimaginable to their predecessors. We not only build for water, but we also legislate its use. Water resources also suffer due to human settlements. Urbanization increases impermeable surfaces, preventing water from soaking into the ground and leading to increased surface runoff. Water’s ubiquity and power mean that water impacts almost all systems within human settlements. Whether in small villages or expanding megacities, water affects public health, food systems, public safety, housing, transportation, recreation, and energy systems, to name just a few examples. This lesson is an introduction into understanding that water is a basic need for life and human settlement. This concept will be a major theme for the rest of the year as we focus on current water issues in the world. Water issues in emerging cities and rural settlements in developing countries merit a special emphasis, including the special needs and problems in slums or peri-urban areas that are often the most deprived. Humans built the first permanent settlements by rivers. Mohenjo-daro was located near the Indus River (in what is now Pakistan), Mesopotamia was between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (in Iraq), and ancient Egypt was on the Nile. Water resources: The presence of rivers, lakes, or coastal areas significantly influences human settlements. Historically, civilizations have flourished near rivers due to their provision of freshwater, transportation routes, and fertile soil through annual flooding.

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